7 July 2023
Nawal Mustafa defended her PhD thesis “A Certain Class of Undesirables: ‘Race’, Regulation & Interrracialized Intimacies in Britain (1948-1968)” on 7 July 2023 from 11:45 until 13:15, in the Auditorium of the Main Building of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Nawal’s dissertation addresses the period between 1948 and 1968 in the British metropole and examines the regulation of interracialised relationships during this time. The large-scale immigration from Britain’s former colonies to the metropole began after 1948, coinciding with the development of the British welfare state and job opportunities. The dissertation highlights the political and public discourse surrounding the settlement of colonial citizens, with employment, housing, and ‘miscegenation’ being recurring themes in political debates and media coverage.
Nawal specifically explores the national discourse on interracialized relationships, particularly between White women and Black men, which attracted political and media attention. The author argues that such relationships posed a threat to the racial order and the construction of a white British nation because they were seen as crossed racialised, gendered and class boundaries thereby challenging societal norms within Britain. The research expands on legal scholarship by exploring the ways control and regulation occurred across diverse social authorities, including non-governmental institutions. It demonstrates that regulation of interracialized relationships went beyond strict legal codes or the state itself.
Moreover, it presents a comprehensive analysis of the locations where moral regulation occurred by examining the interconnectedness of various governmental and non-governmental departments and institutions. It highlights how institutions such as the police, the church, and immigration agencies played a role in regulating interracial relationships. By situating the analysis of UK policy and governance within the broader historical context of the British empire, the dissertation aligns with postcolonial and decolonial scholarship. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of colonial and metropolitan spaces and contributes to understanding how interracial relationships were racialized within the empire.
Overall, by giving a thorough investigation of the regulation of interracialized relationships, contextualizing them within historical, social, and cultural processes, and examining the nuanced manners in which they were managed, the dissertation makes a significant contribution to the area of ‘mixed race’ studies.
22 March 2023
Rébecca Franco will defend her PhD thesis “Between problematisation and invisibilisation: the regulation of interracialised intimacies and (post)colonial immigration in France (1954-1979)” on Friday, 22 March 2023, in the Auditorium of the Main Building of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, starting at 15:45.
Rébecca’s dissertation addresses the question of how and why intimacies between the white French population and migrants from the (former) colonies on the African continent were regulated in the French metropole between 1954 and 1979, and how this contributed to the construction of racial boundaries of and within the French community.
During the period of this study, large groups of migrants from the (former) African continent moved to the French metropole, often to do low-paid menial work. Looking at the period of decolonisation and the early postcolonial context, this research demonstrates that the regulation of intimacy is a rich site of analysis to understand racialisation and the construction of racial boundaries of the (post)colonial national community. To this end, this research draws primarily on critical archival research conducted in written and audio-visual archives of state and non-state institutions, as well as interviews with individuals who lived in interracialised relationships during the period under study. By analysing these together, this study produces a critical analysis of the regulations and the construction of discourses about interracialised intimacies. By examining whether and how colonial continuities underlined the regulation of (post)colonial migration, this research helps to uncover racial rationalities underlying colourblind regulations.
The main findings of this research show that different forms of interracialised intimacies were problematised and regulated according to how they transgressed hierarchies of race, gender, class and sexuality within the sexual order. The problematisation of gender, sexuality and intimacy played an important role in the construction of racialised inassimilability of (post)colonial migrants. In particular, durable intimate relationships between white working-class women and African male labour migrants complicated the paradigm of temporary labour migration and the construction of the inassimilability of migrants from the African continent. This shows that the French administration accepted (post)colonial migrants for their cheap labour but did not include them in the French national community.
Therefore, this research contributes to a contextualised and historicised analysis of the construction of racial boundaries of the French community that determined inclusion and exclusion of these (post)colonial migrants.
24 February 2023
Andrea Tarchi will defend his PhD thesis “The regulation of “mixed” intimacies in Colonial Libya and the construction of Whiteness (1911-1942)” on Friday, February 24th 2023, at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, starting at 13:45.
His study is about the regulation of “mixed” intimacies between Italian settlers and people that fell under Italian colonial rule can clarify processes of racialization of subaltern social groups while pointing at the construction of Italian whiteness in the colonial environment. However, research on “mixed” intimacies during Italian colonialism has focused solely on the Eastern African colonial contexts, namely, how such relationships unfolded and were regulated in Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia during Italian colonial rule. With this research, I aim to add to this research landscape the context of the Italian colonization of Libya (1911-1942), to assess whether Italian colonial administrators regulated intimacies between Italians and Libyans and to ascertain whether these regulations played a role in the racialization of Libya and the identification of Italians as white. In order to do so, I deployed a socio-legal approach to the analysis of official archival sources collected in Italian state, Vatican, and Missionary congregations’ archives. Through such an analysis, the regulations of “mixed” intimacies collected in the archives are juxtaposed to the social changes that influenced and were influenced by the policing of intimacy in the Libyan colonial context. The main finding of this research is that Italian colonial administrators regulated “mixed” intimacies throughout their colonial presence in Libya to establish the category of “whiteness” on the settler population while racializing Libyans as Others. In particular, this research found that the racialization of the colonial Other through the regulation of “mixed” intimacies was a significant factor that allowed a modern, white, European subjectivity to emerge and represent itself as a signifier of Italian identity in the empire. Regulating “mixed” intimacies coincided with keeping control of categorization processes that affected both colonizing and colonized societies, therefore representing an untapped resource in understanding the historical production of racial categories in the Italian colonial context.
18 June 2021
On 16 June 2021 professor Betty de Hart gave a lecture on modern day partnerships at De Waalse Kerk. Read more about this here.
On 14 June 2021 Euromix post-doctoral researcher Guno Jones gave a lecture on mixed intimacies and resistance during the Second World War at the Resistance Museum. Watch the lecture here.
On 10 June 2021 professor Betty de Hart gave a lecture on regulation of mixed intimacies and how to theorize race in the study of family migration in Europe at the Amsterdam Centre for European Studies of the University of Amsterdam. Read more about this here.
21 August 2020
Euromix PhD researcher Rébecca Franco wrote an article on the hypersexualization of black men and why this is problematic in light of the Black Lives Matter movement. Read the full article here (in Dutch).
Euromix post-doctoral researcher Elena Zambelli published an article in Journal Genealogy (Special Issue Transnational Families: Europe and the World) on the racialized ‘affective economy’ of (un)belonging after Brexit by discussing how British and mixed-migration status, ‘mixed (race) couples’ narrate the impact of this on their orientations towards Britain and the EU. Read the full article here.
27 September 2019
On 20 September 2019 professor Betty de Hart’s inaugural lecture took place, titled: ‘Some Cursory Remarks on Race, Mixture and Law by three Dutch jurists.’
De Hart’s lecture addresses the question how race-thinking was part of the Dutch legal system and legal scholarship as a way to explore the ‘legal archive’. It discusses the legal work on race and mixture of three Dutch jurists: L.W.C. van den Berg (1845-1927), a colonial legislator who wrote the Mixed Marriages Act for the Dutch East Indies; W.F. Wertheim (1907-1998), professor in colonial law, who later distanced himself from the Dutch colonial system of which he had been part, and H. de Bie (1879-1955) who, as the first children’s judge in Rotterdam, worried about Dutch girls and their intimate relationships with Chinese men. This study argues that understanding our legal past (the ‘legal archive’) is crucial to further our knowledge about how race and mixture work in law today, and that such knowledge is vital for social justice.
The full text is available here.
The Dutch article is available here: NJB Essay
The lecture was taped and is available to watch:
22 October 2018
Euromix PhD researcher Nawal Mustafa will participate in a panel discussion entitled Entanglements of Race Religion and Secularism on 22 October at 20.00. This event is hosted by the Race, Religion and Secularism Network (RRSN). More information is available on the RRSN website. Click here to register.
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5 September 2018
Het recht is niet kleurenblind, Migratie-experts aan het woord: #3 Betty de Hart –The law is not colourblind: Migration experts speak: #3 Betty de Hart
An interview by Jessica Maas of oneworld.nl with Betty de Hart over the Euromix project and the history of regulations of mixed relationships in Europe. Read the full interview here.